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| Licensed naturopathic doctors (ND’s) are the most highly trained practitioners in the |
| broadest scope of natural medical modalities. ND’s are required to complete a 4 year |
| undergraduate degree at a recognized university before going on to 4 years at an |
| accredited naturopathic medical school. Here, in addition to the basic medical sciences, |
| pharmacology, and conventional diagnostics, education includes nutrition, botanical |
| medicine, homeopathy, hydrotherapy, Traditional Chinese Medicine, manipulative |
| therapies, and counseling. Upon graduation, ND’s must pass standardized |
| North American licensing exams before practicing and are required to regularly |
| attend continuing education seminars. |